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Vitamins & Trace Elements for horses

Vitamins

In many respects these organic compounds are similar to the trace elements. Both are needed in minute quantities (milligrams) in the diet, they have a wide range of functions in the body and they are essential for normal metabolism in the animal.

Vitamins are classified as either fat-soluble or water-soluble based on how these are stored within the body. The major fat-soluble vitamins include vitamins A, D, and E. These vitamins are important for vision, calcium absorption and regulation, and as a primary antioxidant within the body protecting cells and muscle function.

Fat-soluble vitamins are stored within the fat deposits of the body and can accumulate giving the potential of toxicity if overfed. The other classification of vitamins is water-soluble vitamins. These vitamins are often referred to as B-vitamins. They include thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, biotin, and folic acid. These vitamins function in nearly every chemical reaction within the body; therefore, they are critical in metabolism, growth, and energy generation.

VITAMIN	NEEDED FOR	DEFICIENCIES
Vitamin A (Retinol)	Integrity of mucous membranes	Impaired vision, stiffness of limbs, anorexia
Thiamine (B1)	Enzymes	Blindness, muscle tremors, grinding of the teeth
Riboflavin (B2)	Enzymes, H-transport	Scouring, soreness in corners of mouth, shedding of hair
Niacin (B3)	Co-enzymes, H-transport	Nerve degeneration
Pantothenic Acid (B5)	Enzymes	Anorexia, reduced growth, rough haircoat, nervous disorders
Pyridoxine (B6)	Enzymes	Anorexia, scouring, convulsive seizures
Cobalamin(B12)	Enzymes	Anorexia
Biotin (H)	Enzymes	Skin problems
Choline	Cell structure	Retarded growth, fatty liver
Folic Acid	Amino-acid synthesis and metabolism	Retarded growth, anaemia
Vitamin K	Prothrombin synthesis	Severe haemorrhaging
Vitamin D	Bone formation and metabolism of Ca, P and Mg	Bone defects and weakness
Vitamin E	Antioxidant	Linked with SE, muscle disorders
Vitamin C	Immune response	Disease resistance very low
B-carotene	Precursor of vit A, (may have role in infertility)

Trace Elements

The performance and general health of a horse is related directly to a solid nutrition programme. Horses require a different level of nutrition based upon factors including age, activity levels and discipline. Trace Minerals including zinc, copper, manganese are essential for horse health, growth and performance.

These vital trace elements are needed for a variety of functions in the body's metabolism, as shown below:

TRACE ELEMENT	NEEDED FOR	DEFICIENCY	COMMENT
COPPER	Enzymes, haemoglobin	Infertility, anaemia, bone disorders, discoloration of pigmentation, impaired immune function	Can be toxic in excess. Can be inhibited by S, Mo, Fe and Zn.
IRON	Haemoglobin, myoglobin, Fe-enzymes	Anaemia	Failure to thrive
IODINE	Thyroxine	Under active thyroid, infertility, reduced milk yield	Severe deficiency results in enlarge thyroid (goitre)
MANGANESE	Protein synthesis, enzyme activity	Infertility, bone deformation in young	No signs of oestrus in the female
ZINC	Integrity of epithelial surfaces, enzymes, immune response	Poor skin and hooves, parakeratosis high sommatic cell count	Itching eczema is indication of shortage. Unthrifty appearance
SELENIUM	Cell integrity, removal of free radicals	Impaired immune response, infertility, muscle disease	Is component of enzyme GSH-Px; acts along with Vitamin E
Magnesium	It is an essential mineral present in all tissues, especially in bone and is also needed for muscle and nerve function.	Progressive muscle weakness and neuromuscular dysfunction	Regular intake of high dose supplements can result in diarrhoea
Sodium	Responsible for regulating body water content and electrolyte balance	Rarely a problem due to high levels in feeds. An excess is usually more of a concern	The kidney regulates the amount of sodium in the body
Potassium	Potassium is essential for water and electrolyte balance and the normal functioning of cells, including nerves.	Symptoms include weakness, mental confusion and, if extreme, heart failure.	High supplementary doses of potassium can be harmful especially if the kidneys are not functioning properly.